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Pharaohs in Dixieland – how 19th-century America reimagined Egypt to justify racism and slavery

In the 19th-century American South, white intellectuals and politicians reimagined ancient Egypt as a slaveholding civilization ruled by white pharaohs—an invented history used to legitimize racial hierarchy. But abolitionists and Black Americans reclaimed the biblical Egypt as a symbol of bondage and liberation, turning the past into a battlefield over freedom and power.

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